AO1 All ecologists take the view that consumerism and materialism, key principles that underpin society, are problematic. AO2 The idea that consumption is good for the individual and society, and that material wealth can be equated to happiness (Schumacher), is seen by all ecologists as damaging the biosphere. [IJ] All ecologists are united in seeing consumerism and materialism as damaging. AO1 All ecologists reject reductionism and a mechanistic world view. AO2 The reductionist and mechanistic world view which underpin society's attitudes to the natural world drives the idea that humans can dominate nature and fix environmental problems in isolation (Merchant). [IJ] This is rejected in favour of holism and the lessons of ecology by all ecologism. AO1 All ecologists agree that the conventional ethical framework that underpins society is unsustainable. AO2 There is a need to move beyond conventional ethics, which only grants rights and interests to people who are alive today. [IJ] All ecologists are united in believing conventional ethics that underpin society are unsustainable and a new ethical framework is needed.

AO1 Shallow greens favour a society built on limited holism, whilst deep greens favour radical holism and ecocentrism. AO2 Shallow greens believe society should adopt greener and slower growth that manages natural resources (Carson), whilst deep greens reject all consumerism in favour of less material wealth but greater spiritual happiness (Schumacher) built on the view that humanity is a plain citizen of nature (Leopold). [IJ] This shows a clear division between deep and shallow greens over the type of society to tackle environmental destruction. AO1 Shallow greens move beyond conventional ethics by adopting intergenerational equity, whilst deep greens favour ecocentrism. AO2 Shallow greens favour sustainable development as greening existing economic models protects future generations, whilst deep greens favour ecocentrism based on a moral/ethical principle like the Land ethic (Leopold) or an environmental consciousness. [IJ] This shows a real division over the ethical framework that should be adopted for society. AO1 Whilst the shallow green approach is reformist, both social ecology and deep greens would radically transform society. AO2 Shallow greens adopt a reformist approach to society, while both deep greens and social ecology adopt a radical approach to society. [IJ] This shows a clear difference in how ecologists approach society.